Human Digestive System Disorders: Quick Revision Notes

 Here are simple, human-friendly notes on common disorders of the digestive system. These are useful for nursing students, biology exams, or general health awareness.

1. Jaundice (Piliya)

What it is: A condition where the liver is affected, leading to the accumulation of a pigment called Bilirubin in the blood.

Visible Sign: The skin, nails, and whites of the eyes turn yellow.

Cause: Viral infection (Hepatitis), liver damage, or blockage in the bile duct.

2. Vomiting (Emesis)

Definition: The forceful ejection of stomach contents through the mouth.

Control Center: It is controlled by the "Vomit Center" located in the Medulla (part of the brain).

Warning Sign: Often preceded by a feeling of nausea.

3. Diarrhea

What happens: The absorption of food and water decreases, and the bowel movements become frequent and liquid.

Risk: The biggest danger in diarrhea is Dehydration (loss of water and electrolytes).

Note: It reduces the absorption of nutrients significantly.

4. Constipation

What happens: The feces (stool) remain in the colon (large intestine) for too long. The colon absorbs too much water, making the stool hard and dry.

Result: Bowel movements become difficult and irregular.

Remedy: High fiber diet and plenty of water help preventing it.

5. Indigestion (Dyspepsia)

Definition: Food is not properly digested, leading to a feeling of fullness.

Causes: Inadequate enzyme secretion, anxiety, food poisoning, overeating, or eating spicy food.

6. GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)

Common Name: Acid Reflux or Heartburn.

Mechanism: The valve between the esophagus and stomach weakens. Acid from the stomach flows backward into the food pipe (esophagus), causing a burning sensation in the chest.

7. Peptic Ulcers

What it is: Open sores that develop on the inside lining of the stomach or the upper portion of the small intestine.

Key Cause: Infection with a bacterium called H. pylori or long-term use of painkillers (NSAIDs).